The Slow March of a Sand Dune
A sand dune may look like a hill that has always been there, but many dunes are on the move. Over months and years, a dune can travel across the land, one grain at a time.
Wind does the work. It blows sand grains up the gentle side of the dune, the side that faces the wind. The grains hop and roll along the surface until they reach the crest, which is the top edge. Just beyond the crest the wind slows down, so there is nothing to carry the sand any farther. The grains drop onto the steep downwind side. This side is called the slip face.
As sand piles up on the slip face, it gets too steep to hold. Little slides of sand pour down the slope and settle at the bottom. Meanwhile, more grains keep arriving from the gentle side. Sand is always leaving the back of the dune and being added at the front.
The result is that the whole dune shifts forward in the direction the wind blows. Some dunes move only a few steps each year. In places where dunes creep toward roads or farms, people plant grasses to hold the sand in place, because roots can keep grains from blowing away.