Inside the Black Box: Raising Standards Through Classroom Assessment
We checked this card's citation and the finding we state against the source's own page or record in October 2026.
What it found
The authors argued from their review of the research that formative assessment is an essential part of classroom work and that improving it can raise achievement, and set out what teacher development would need to look like to get there.
What kind of study it is
- Design
- Review
- Weight
- Adds context: a review or a weaker design, which doesn't move a card's rating on its own.
- Who
- School-age children (K–12)
- Limits
- A short article for teachers, not a new study. The large effect sizes often quoted for formative assessment are disputed (see Kingston & Nash, 2011, and Bennett, 2011).
Read it
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Cited in the Library
Cite this study
Black, P., & Wiliam, D. (1998). Inside the black box: Raising standards through classroom assessment. Phi Delta Kappan, 80(2), 139–144. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ575146
Checked against the source in October 2026. All studies · How we rate the evidence · Something wrong? Tell us.